Select a pillar
AWARENESS
Understanding the pathways to access digital ID systems. The Awareness Pillar revolves around 5 key anchor points:
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The role of literacy and training
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The role of information
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The resource considerations
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The role of actors within this pillar
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The role of policy
Select a category
1. INFORMATION
When accessing essential digital systems, information plays a significant role to bolster connectivity, reliability, and system interaction. Research indicates that such information is often limited and is hard to access. This often results in the creation of a divide between women and digital ID systems and needs to be considered when building the non-technological layers of such critical infrastructure.
Women often face challenges with information in the following ways:
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Information on the purpose
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Information on the process
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Information on the infrastructure
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The practices to make information accessible
Select a sub-category
2. EDUCATION, LITERACY & SKILL DEVELOPMENT
With evolving digital systems guiding society over the past few decades, users are assumed to possess a certain level of pre-existing knowledge and ability to interact with digital identity systems. While divides in literacy, education, and financial realms often exacerbate existing challenges for women, a lack of pathways to strengthen skill or education around newer critical systems create more dynamic challenges for women or other underserved groups to contend with. This could often create friction in the way women interact with digital ID systems and erode engagement over time.
This category can be broadly understood through these two sub-categories:
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Existing knowledge
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Existing training and connecting pathways
Select a sub-category
3. Creation and facilitation of resources
When accessing digital ID systems, residents often require access and agency over a variety of resources. Due to a plethora of constraints and possible inhibiting socio-normative structures, women often lack such resources or face significant hurdles when using these resources. While international and national actors often provide support in specific capacities, specific geographical and strategic actors within the A2U framework play a crucial role in building women's awareness of such systems by: (i) reducing information asymmetry, (ii) facilitating access, or (ii) even providing logistical support.
From the system level, the following actors play key roles in the awareness stage of the A2U framework:
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ID authority
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Formal or recognised intermediaries
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Last mile actors
Select a sub-category
4. Influence behavioural change (Individual and Societal)
Actors that have some presence at the community or individual level play a crucial role when it comes to strengthening women's awareness, access, agency, and decision making. In addition to conducting essential programmatic services, these actors often have exisitng relationships that leverage to inform decision making. At the individual level, the following actors play a crucial role:
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ID authority
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Last mile actors
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Deployment authority of foundational ID
Select a sub-category
5. Resource Consideration
Understanding how to interact with any critical system (digital or otherwise) often requires access to various resources, To strengthen awareness of critical digital infrastructures, the availability and access to various resources plays a key role to improve interaction mechanisms. These resources could be sources of information, types of systems (online or offline), points of information access, and so on.
Select a sub-category
ACCESS
Identifying and connecting these pathways to interact with digital IDs. The Access pillar revolves around 5 key anchor points:
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The role of infrastructure
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The role of logistics and emerging costs
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The resource considerations
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The role of actors within this pillar
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The role of policy
Select a category
1. INFRASTRUCTURE
Access to critical systems depends heavily on the availability of infrastructure, both online and offline. However, research indicates that such infrastructure is often limited and difficult to access. This creates a substantial gap between women and digital ID systems, highlighting the importance of considering infrastructure availability & accessibility when developing both technological and non-technological aspects of critical infrastructure.
Infrastructure accessibility can be determined through:
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Availability of infrastructure
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Capacity of infrastructure
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Capability of infrastructure
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Presence of alternate access mechanism
Select a sub-category
2. RESOURCE OWNERSHIP
In order to effectively access registration or service centers, ownership and autonomy over resources is often a pre-requisite. Resources could include devices, documents, or finances.
Select a sub-category
3. Logistical and emerging costs
Logistical costs encompass the planning, allocation, and management of resources at the individual level to access digital systems. These costs emerge both in economic and non-economic terms as individuals progress in their interaction with digital systems.
Non-economic factors are costs that do not involve direct monetary transactions but are reflected in terms of time and effort expended.
Select a sub-category
4. Creation and facilitation of backward and forward linkages
To create a robust system, actors within specific value chain stages play an integral role to ensure meaningful interaction; strengthening access ; creating linkages; capacity building the existing system; and providing initiatives in white spaces.
Select a sub-category
5. Capacity building and creating support for community
To enhance the efficiency of digital systems, attention should be directed towards non-technological aspects during deployment. This includes focusing on incentive mechanisms and capacity building for intermediaries, expanding access points, and utilizing last-mile actors to improve accessibility. Actors playing a prominent role in above mentioned functions are:
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ID Authority (Deployement unit)
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Ancilliary government agencies
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Semi-formal intermediaires
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Last Mile Actors
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Private Sector
Select a sub-category
USAGE
Identify the various elements that allow for effective usage of digital IDs by understanding the interactions that women have with their digital IDs, any digital solutions, their digital and physical economies, their physical surroundings, and their immediate communities
Select a category
1. ECOSYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
Once obtained, IDs are often an effective mechanism that enables service access, however in cases where systems are not interoperable, interlinked, or are unable to connect to each other, could result in the creation of an ineffecient and laborious system. While building out core ID systems, understanding and guiding ecosystem infrastructure to leverage the full effect of a hositable ecosystem.
Select a sub-category
2. RESOURCE OWNERSHIP
In order to effectively access registration or service centers, ownership and autonomy over resources is often a pre-requisite. Resources could include devices, documents, or finances.
Select a sub-category
3. Logistics and Emerging costs
Select a sub-category
4. Creation of infrastructure and facilitation of resources and logistics
Select a sub-category
5. Facilitating Authentication
Select a sub-category
6. Creating and disseminating progress
Select a sub-category
POLICY
Cost of obtaining digital ID:
Are digital IDs free to obtain?
Are there policies in place that establish charges for ID-related services?
Are there policies in place that establish charges for ID-related services?
Policies to provide free ID services for women till a certain time?
Documents requirement for getting ID:
Is there a policy in place to make users aware of the updated document requirements to obtain or update ID?
ID credential updation:
Is there a policy to inform users about limits on updating ID credentials?
Cost for ID and related services:
Is there a policy in place to provide information about cost for ID related services?
Timely updates on ID:
Is there a timeline within which the registrants are entitled to receive an update on their ID? (tracking- postal , message)
Grievance redressal:
Are there processes in place for the registrants to receive updates on grievance redressal?
Technical/ authentication failure:
Are there policies in place to reduce authentication failure? (Biometric updation)
Policy Safeguards and Legal Recourse for Digital ID Misuse:
Is their policy safeguard in place that fixes liability on bad actors for misusing the women's digital ID data?
Does the existing policy enable an individual to take legal action for identity theft and compensate the victims of fraud?
1.1. Purpose
Understanding the need, benefits, and uses of any identity (or system) is crucial for women when initiating interactions with digital IDs.
Select an option
1.1.1. Information availability (nature and significance)
Is information on the need, purpose, and significance of obtaining a foundational ID accessible through at least 1 - 2 online and offline formats?
Observed Practices 1.1.1.
- In certain countries, communication strategies often strengthen women's understanding around ID systems, the benefits of such systems, and the ability to meaningfully access them. This could result in the ability for women to take care of both themselves and their family members. Examples highlighted include using IDs helping children's enrollment into schools, accessing essential health services, proof of business, especially for informal and small businesses.
- Studies in Nigeria and Malawi, highlighted examples of women ‘wanting to be a good citizen’, and 'patriotism' as possible reasons for seeking legal identification.
Implication 1.1.1.
- Women are often unaware or find that obtaining identification documents are irrelevant, unless they understand the purpose of the ID and how to utilize it. The lack of information around the purpose of any ID documentation often discourages women from acquiring IDs.
1.1.2. Personal autonomy (ID type)
Does information around the types of pre-existing or alternative IDs (usage and format) exist on a centralised repository and in offline formats?
Observed Practices 1.1.2.
- Research indicates that in order to obtain a foundational ID, various documents such as rental agreement, amenities bills, passports, election cards are often required as proof of identity when obtaining foundational IDs.
- The Ethiopian 'Fayda' ID provides flexibility by allowing the use of over 30 different forms of pre-existing ID for verification. Additionally, it also allows registration through nomination which means that someone with an existing Fayda ID can nominate a user who can then register for the ID by sharing the credentials verbally.
Implication 1.1.2.
- Information about the requirement and usage of pre-existing ID/documents to obtain foundational ID is often missing when building our population scale digital infrastructure or may be hard to acces.
- Working in tandem with socio-normative practices, women are often hesitant to obtain IDs (both foundational and functional) due to the unknown requirements, inability to make informed decisions about self and family, and resource constraints.
- In addition to these serving specific purposes (functional IDs), there is a separate process and resource requirement to obtain such credentials/documents.
1.1.3. Information about use cases
Can users easily access a list of services (in online and offline formats) for which their foundational ID could be used? Is the list updated every 3-4 months ?
Observed Practices 1.1.3.
Countries can make users aware of different ways a foundational ID can enhance service access, especially in geographies like South Asia where women have differential perceptions of self-identity compared to Western societies.
- Information around importance of ID for accessing services can be disseminated using advertisements, traditional and alternative forms of media, through formal and informal means like family and community level actors. Digital ID system like SingPass, Phill ID, and e-ID of Estonia provide such lists of use cases on their portals/website.
Implication 1.1.3.
- Women may choose not to obtain a new form of ID when its purpose, benefits, pathways, and use cases are unclear or invisible. Insufficient information on specific ID usage reduces the need for a foundational digital ID, leading to negative perceptions among women about its necessity and downstream usage.
1.2. Process
Understanding the process, modalities, and mechanisms of accessing, availing, and using a foundational digital ID.
Select an option
1.2.1. Personal autonomy (Modality)
Are there standard operating protocols and/or a visual roadmap to guide users in understanding the process of obtaining an ID?
Observed Practices 1.2.1.
The information about process of obtaining an ID should:
Clearly outline the various methods (online and offline) for obtaining a digital ID. Provide a step-by-step guide for obtaining an ID through the online/offline form.
For instance,
- UIDAI has a guide that highlights the steps required to get an ID.
- PSA also provides guides to obtain the PhilID.
- Singpass mentions the applicable procedure on their portals.
- UAEpass provides visual guides on the processes required to obtain an ID.
Implication 1.2.1.
> Without clear and easily accessible information on how to get an ID, registrants often hesitate to interact with the registration process. When digital public systems lacks transparency, planning and navigation around such processes often prove to be difficult and time-consuming.
1.2.2. Information about costs/fees (ID registration/updation)
Is information about costs (economic and non-economic) to obtain a digital ID and related services made available to people in a centralised (through trusted online and offline formats) repository?
Observed Practices 1.2.2.
It is crucial to provide information about the costs associated in obtaining an ID along with its updation charges. This can impact women's decision about obtaining ID.
- Many countries don't charge a fee when enrolling for a foundational ID. Some costs are often applied when information/credentials are updated. For e.g. PhilID explicitly mentions that their IDs are free of cost.
- In cases of other critical services, trusted websites, repositories often explicitly mention and inform users that invisible costs (corruption, cost of registration, cost of processing, etc.) are not part of the system and are acts of bad faith. We see such practices from financial institutions or healthcare providers in various countries.
- Finally, observations shed light on the role that intermediaries, self help groups, and women networks play when informing women about the visible and invisible costs of undertaking such a journey. (Primary research)
Implication 1.2.2.
- Associated or invisible costs emerge when obtaining an ID at the registration centers. A lack of prior information, often disincentivises women and leads to perception building around financial implications of obtaining an ID. This factor when coupled with androcentric structures often reduces women's ability to make decisions.
- In some cases, users often associate getting an ID to guaranteed service provision, even in cases when they might not be eligible.
1.2.3. Steps to follow in case pre-existing/alternative documents are missing
Can users identify alternative pathways to obtain a foundational ID or other services in case pre-existing ID documents are missing through a centralised (and trusted) online and offline repository?
Observed Practices 1.2.3.
Relevant information about the pre-existing IDs/documents required for obtaining the foundational ID can be supplied through communication materials in registration centers, websites, flash messages, high footfall areas like religious buildings, printing shops, stationery shops, entrance of the town/city, etc.
- An Indian organisation, Haqdarshak, creates a repository and provides offline support in cases where pre-existing IDs or documents required to access services might be missing.
- The PhilID website provides users with steps and alternatives to obtain a foundational ID (in FAQs format) .
Implication 1.2.3.
> In various cases, certain services can only be accessed by specific documents. For example, international travels require passports, voting might require a separate voting ID and so on. To access services through a foundational ID, service providers should have interoperable systems that accept such ID credentials.
> To register for a foundational ID, or for specific service access, awareness about alternative access methods are often lacking, and often create hesitancies with women that may want to register.
1.2.4. Information about future implications
Is information around harms, redressal mechanisms (and processes) documented and shared with users through trusted online and offline formats?
Observed Practices 1.2.4.
Digital ID authorities or civil society organizations (CSOs) typically work to enhance user protection against privacy breaches and identity theft.
- Australia's digital ID system has dedicated support feature where users can report a privacy breach, an identity crime, or fraudulent activities.
- Ethiopia is putting in place a communications officer and a centralised grievance redressal hotline that helps answers user queries and redirects them towards the relevant resources.
- Civil society organisations often have programs that support women in case of any form of grievances or harms. Hyper-local authorities, intermediaries, or community champions often leverage their own efforts to address such grievances. For instance, IDCARE was formed to address a critical support gap for individuals confronting identity and cyber security concerns in Australia and New Zealand.
Implication 1.2.4.
In cases of ID theft, loss of physical artefact, or other similar harms, women are often unaware of how to access any form of meaningful redressal. The lack of this information and uncertainty often affects women's willingness to obtain an ID.
1.2.5. Information availability (Safety of digital ID credentials)
Can users easily access relevant information to understand how to keep their ID credentials safe and secure?
Observed Practices 1.2.5.
Along with maintaining secure digital ID systems, building users awareness about the security practices and guidelines can help srengthen interaction mechanisms.
For instance,
- Singpass advises users to treat their digital ID as a physical artefact and has a entire section dedicated to the security of their digital ID on their homepage.
Implication 1.2.5.
> In the absence of visual or available information around safety protocols and measures to prevent safety and security risk or proper use of ID credentials, women often rely on counterparts and could share sensitive information, leading to the emergence of safety risks.
> In societies with restrictive norms, women often lack possession and ownership of their own ID, whether physical or digital.
1.2.6. Information availability (Cyber safety)
Can users easily access information to understand the safety protocols in place to keep their data secure and out of reach from bad actors?
Observed Practices 1.2.6.
ID authorities can provide details on what type of data ID systems collect and its storage and management practices. Furthermore, emerging implications from this data collection can also be mentioned. In cases where there are no such implications, clear communication often helps to strengthen women's trust in the system.
- Australia's Digital ID system mentions guide on data privacy through a dedicated page on their website. This page also provides details on Privacy impact assessment and privacy act.
- UIDAI in India mentions the type of data being collected during the enrollment process and how it is being used through simple communication collaterals.
- ID system portals across the world like Philippine ID system, Signpass, UIDAI etc. provide user guides around their data privacy policies.
Implication 1.2.6.
Ever present and evolving bad actors often hack or leak personal and sensitive information of users. Such incidents create negative perceptions, resulting in a loss of trust with the system. In cases where information around redressal or punishment is missing, perceptions around such systems get further tarnished.
1.3. Infrastructure
Understanding the availability and effectiveness of the infrastructure (existing or otherwise) when accessing digital ID systems.
Select an option
1.3.1. Information regarding registration center
Can users easily access information on center location and its operational times through both offline and online formats? Is this information updated every 3-4 months?
Observed Practices 1.3.1.
Information about the centre location should be provided through both online and offline formats. The ID authority should provide a list of registration centres in the online form on their website and update their operational hours and availability in frequent intervals.
For instance,
- Philippine Identification System provides a comprehensive list of centre locations on its website and updates this list frequently.
- Singpass mentions details of counter location, which is used for offline registration. The map view is also provided to view the counter location in singpass. Similarly, UAE Pass provides the map view.
- Last-mile actors, particularly in rural areas, play a crucial role in providing offline information about registration center locations. This information is often available at high-footfall areas like town or village entrances and print shops. Additionally, signposting is used extensively to raise awareness in rural settings (Primary research)
Implication 1.3.1.
> Lack of center location information can lead to significant time loss for women (depending on their role within the household or employment format). In some cases, women often choose not to visit registration centers if the process is considered laborious.
> Outdated information creates inconveniences and requires significant re-planning and budgeting to locate new centers and restart processes.
1.3.2. Information regarding access to registration centers
Can users access information to plan logistics and schedule appointments through both offline and online formats? Is this information updated every 3 months?
Observed Practices 1.3.2.
Countries could work towards building pre-registration portals to improve efficiency especially during the mass onboarding stages.
- Ethiopia has seen a significant improvement in their registration times due to the incorporation of a pre-registration portal. (Primary research)
- Pre-registration portals often provide dynamic appointment bookings and maps that help with planning. MOSIP provides a reference implementation of the Pre-registration UI that may be customized as per country needs.
Implication 1.3.2.
> In the absence of pre-registration mechanisms, wait times in registration centers can significantly increase.
> In the absence of information on public transport availability, and other logistical information, women often struggle to plan their registration effectively.
> While pre-registration may streamline processes at registration centers, an extended period from the enrollment stage to using the ID can result in significant delays in accessing services. This delay can lead to distrust in the system, particularly regarding its efficiency.
1.3.3. Information regarding accessibility at registration centers
Can users access information about registration centers, including accessibility options when visiting centers in both online and offline formats? Is this information updated every 3-4 months? This could range from privacy screens, text-to-voice, multi-language availability, waiting spaces, play spaces, etc.
Observed Practices 1.3.3.
- Providing information about available facilities like waiting space, lactation rooms, sanitation facilities at the center can assist women in determining if they require external support from family or community.
- Healthcare practices specialise in optimising waiting rooms and spaces. Research shows that creating such infrastructure shares the societal benefits, the upliftment of users, and the improvement of service provision as a result of carefully designed waiting spaces. The PhilID in the Philippines outfits their centers with lactation rooms. (Primary research).
Implication 1.3.3.
The absence of information regarding various facilities available at the center, such as lactation rooms, waiting spaces, and privacy screens, may prevent women from utilizing or visiting them.
1.3.4. Information regarding safety at registration centers
Can users view information about the safety mechanisms in place at registration centers (such as protection officers, female attendants, communications officers, etc.) through online and offline formats? Is this information updated every 3-4 months?
Observed Practices 1.3.4.
Pre-registration portals offer mechanisms to make and schedule appointments. Such interventions have often helped improve the speed at the registration centers during registration.
For instance,
- Ethiopia's Fayda ID incorporates this pre-registration to conduct certain number of registrations per day and allow some walk-ins. (Primary research)
- The Fayda registration centres also hope to leverage diverse staff such as male and female registration operators, centre supervisors, and communications officers at registration centres to play various roles and manage efficient and empathetic registration spaces. (Primary research)
Implication 1.3.4.
> Registration centers often receive large crowds which could create safety issues at the center. A lack of information about the available security, or the center's ability to manage large crowds could deter women from visiting registration centers.
> The lack of information about the presence of support staff such as security personnel, female attendants, and communication officers results in worsening women's perceptions even if such measures might be in place.
1.4. Practices
Understanding the pathways to obtain digital IDs through the nature, relevance, and accessibility of the information and the way that it is disseminated is integral to strenghten interactions.
Select an option
1.4.1. Easy to access information (language)
Is the information on the system available in most major, and minor local languages?
Observed Practices 1.4.1.
It is important to provide information in local languages, both in offline and online formats. Local languages can help women with lower levels of literacy to understand the knowledge and information in place.
For instance,
- Peru and Bolivia have made printed information accessible in various local languages to promote inclusivity.
- Emergence of AI tools often help translate information into regional languages more efficiently. Such systems could be used to provide information to various population groups and geographies within countries. Another example of this is Bhashini, an initiative taken by the Government of India.
Implication 1.4.1.
> Limited availability of information in local languages hinders accessibility for women with lower literacy levels.
> In some countries, only major official languages are used in registration processes, potentially excluding certain population groups.
1.4.2. Information availability (Medium)
Is the above information available through online and offline mediums/formats? Online formats could range from websites to community forums, whereas offline formats could range from community centers to other high community footfall areas.
Observed Practices 1.4.2.
It is important to make information availability in both online and offline forms. Most digital ID systems provide information through online mechanism such as centralised portals and platforms. Disseminating this information through offline formats could help strengthen citizen communication in areas with poor connectivity or low resource areas.
- In Malawi, a comprehensive civic engagement campaign was conducted over six months before the widespread national ID system was established in 2017. The campaign utilized three communication levels: national, community-based, and direct outreach via text messages. Various tools, including posters, banners, jingles, leaflets, and radio/TV programs, were employed to disseminate information, with a focus on local languages and tailored communication for different communities.
Implication 1.4.2.
In androcentric socio-normative structures, women's access to digital devices might be limited, hampering their ability to obtain information about digital IDs through onine formats. Therefore, women often rely on offline mediums for accessing this information. In cases where such information is not easily accessible, this information often doesn't reach users.
1.4.3. Information availability (Formats)
Is the information on the system also available in visual or flow format for users?
Observed Practices 1.4.3.
ID portals and platforms should consider offering information through visual or flow based representations. Research has suggested that women tend to engage more specifically with such information and strengthen women's interaction with platforms. This strategy could encompass offering visual cues to assist users in navigating the platform, as well as providing illustrative videos to enhance their interaction with the systems.
For instance,
- Singpass and Australia's digital ID system relies heavily on visual cues and representations to communicate crucial information. This allows higher navigability and easier comprehension for people with varying literacy levels and different learning styles.
Implication 1.4.3.
Studies indicate that presenting information visually can enhance its accessibility and understanding compared to simple text formats. A lack of visual representation may hinder engagement with such systems, particularly for women with lower literacy levels.
1.4.4. Information in the form of FAQs
Can users view relevant information in the form of Frequently Asked Questions? Have these questions been vetted through a diverse consultative process?
Observed Practices 1.4.4.
An FAQ approach can help answer specific questions, enabling users to swiftly access relevant information.
- For example, Signpass, a digital ID for citizens of Singapore has information in the form of FAQs available on their website. Similarly, UIDAI offers FAQs covering various aspects of digital ID, addressing practical problems users may encounter during system interaction. The UAE Pass also offers the FAQ in robust manner, where there is option to search for specific question.
Implication 1.4.4.
Locating specific information on online repositories requires navigability or a certain level of comfort-ability with such platforms. The global digital gender divide often limits women to develop such mastery over platforms or repositories, creating further information related barriers. In cases where the language is tough to understand or follow, confusion around accessing systems may arise creating further barriers for women users.
1.4.5. Information made for the users (Tonality)
Is the information on the system framed in a manner that puts the user first?
Observed Practices 1.4.5.
Having information such as FAQs in user first format helps to improve how users relate to the information. Additionally, having female pronouns could also help improve relatability for women users.
For instance, Singpass ID has FAQs mentioned in the first person strengthening relatability.
Implication 1.4.5.
When information is not presented in a user-first format, such as FAQs or in first person tonality, users might struggle to comprehend or understand more about the system.
1.4.6. Reflexive loop to keep strengthen information practices
Can users easily share feedback on the information, process, system, and infrastructure, and challenges faced? Is this information collected in trusted locations (online or offline) and shared in a timely manner with the relevant actors?
Observed Practices 1.4.6.
The ID platform/portal policy should include provisions for collecting user feedback.
For example,
- Singpass ID and UAE pass has feedback form attached to their website. India's digital ID portal explicitly mentions this feature in its website policy.
- Presence of a centralised grievance redressal mechanism can also allow users to provide feedback about existing initiatives or needs from the community.
- CSOs often provide hand-holding support to users and consolidate opinions and perceptions. Open consultations held by ID developers should incorporate voices from individuals as well as CSOs.
Implication 1.4.6.
The absence of information around grievance redressal features or mechanisms on accessible formats, limits avenues for users to provide feedback and greivances. This could lead to the furthering of the divide between state and citizen.
2.1. Existing knowledge
When interacting with digital systems, certain levels of knowledge and ability are often assumed from users about IDs and how they are to be interacted with. With varying levels of literacy, access to education, and access to information, women often lack the knowledge required to interact with digital ID systems.
Select an option
2.1.1. Digital literacy to access online platforms
In your best estimate, how able (digitally) are users when using the pre-registration, registration (of the foundational ID), or service provision platforms efficiently and with minimal assistance?
Observed Practices 2.1.1.
- Several countries utilize existing school and college infrastructure as registration points to enhance access to centers, with teachers and school staff providing support for registration-related tasks. Additionally, teachers can be leveraged to disseminate knowledge about identity within schools and colleges.
Implication 2.1.1.
Women are globally impacted by a lack of digital device ownership, mastery over digital platforms, low access to education, and low access to digital devices. This creates a hesitancy at the onset when engaging with online only models/platforms.
2.1.2. Presence of enabling factors
In your best estimate (as a percentage), how many educational institutions provide courses/resources to girls/women around the need for legal identities?
Observed Practices 2.1.2.
- Digital literacy initiatives often focus on empowering women through digital literacy programs integrated into formal and informal education systems.
- Schools, colleges, and community centres host workshops, seminars, and specialised courses aimed at enhancing women’s digital skills.
- Additionally, programs like ‘ICT in Education for Girls’ aim to ensure girls have equal access to digital resources and ICT tools in educational institutions.
- UAE launched National Policy for Empowerment of Emirati Women in 2023 which aims to support the development of qualifications and academic programmes for trade and digital technologies targeting women.
Implication 2.1.2.
> Without awareness building programs or courses in place, strengthening of community level knowledge is often limited.
> Learning modules or courses that help build awareness are often limited in rural areas, inhibiting women from engaging more deeply with questions of identity and understanding the need for legal identities.
2.2. Existing training and connecting pathways
With newer forms of digital systems, women often lack the skills to navigate digital systems and typically require some form of training or support when interacting with critical digital infrastructure.
Select an option
2.2.1. Availability of training programs
Are there any existing digital empowerment or skilling programs in place for women (in both rural and urban settings)?
Observed Practices 2.2.1.
Countries across the world are implementing digital empowerment programs in various forms to up-skill women and to enable them to navigate digital systems better :
- In India, diverse actors, including NGOs and the government, spearhead such digital empowerment efforts. Programs like VIDYA's Digital Empowerment Program (DEP) operate in government schools, VIDYA centers, and community centers, offering digital literacy to children, youth, and women. The government's initiatives like Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta (PMGDISHA) also contribute to bridging digital divides under the Digital India scheme.
- Government of Malawi is implementing The Digital Malawi project in Public-Private partnership format. Recently, Ntha Foundation hosted a Mass Digital Literacy Awareness Campaign in July 2023 in Mangochi.
Implication 2.2.1.
Existing socio-economic disparities within communities make it challenging to access digital knowledge or devices. Without digital empowerment programs, women may face the following implications:
> Limited digital literacy and skills, hindering women's access to digital systems.
> Inability to master digital systems, including digital ID systems, despite having access to digital devices and connectivity.
> Continued reliance on family or community structures for accessing digital systems.
2.2.2. Training Programs (Rural Digital Literacy)
Are training programs organized, particularly in rural areas, to enhance women's digital literacy skills?
Observed Practices 2.2.2.
The initiatives to promote ICT and digital literacy among women can encompass a range of efforts by governmental, non-governmental, and private sector entities, targeting various aspects of skill development, access to technology, and educational programs specifically for women.
- In India, national level initiatives like Digital India program, National Digital Literacy Mission, Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA) focus on digital literacy in rural areas, aiming to make one person per household digitally literate.
- Various states have also initiated state level efforts to provide digital literacy especially to rural women. For instance, Tripura State Rural Livelihood Mission (TSRLM) has facilitated digital literacy programs for women in rural areas. These programs equip women with basic computer skills, internet usage, and knowledge of digital tools and offer training and support for women entrepreneurs.
Implication 2.2.2.
Literacy levels among women in rural areas are often low, inhibiting engagement with digital systems. In the absence of such pathways, women end up depending upon family and community stakeholders, which impacts their ability to make independent decisions.
2.2.3. Availability of enabling programs
Can women access financial education and literacy programs easily, through hyper-local pathways such as self-help groups, rural drives, and network service center approaches?
Observed Practices 2.2.3.
- The initiatives to promote financial literacy among women can encompass a range of efforts by various actors targeting various aspects of skill development, access to technology, and educational programs specifically for women. Such programs could help highlight the need for identities, which play a crucial role in accessing various services.
- In India, national and state level efforts to promote financial literacy among women are emerging. For instance, Niveshak Didi’ initiative was launched to promote Financial Literacy. 'By the women, for the women', where floating Financial Literacy Camps were conducted among residents around Srinagar.
- Countries use different formats and mediums to disseminate information about the finance, for e.g. There is a text based communications approach being used by Malawi that has seen some positive outcomes.
Implication 2.2.3.
Limiting the formats for disseminating knowledge and strengthening digital literacy can reduce knowledge building:
> Online-only formats often exclude women without digital devices.
> Offline-only formats, such as newspapers, pamphlets, and offline classes, may not effectively reach last mile users due to a lack of networks and dissemination strategies. Additionally, women may struggle to spare extra time for offline classes due to household responsibilities.
> Women with lower levels of financial literacy may hesitate to interact with the digital ID system, especially if costs are unknown. Additionally, invisible or emerging costs, such as corruption or bribery, further complicate and create hesitancy amongst women.
> In the absence of financial literacy, women often struggle to interact with the broader financial ecosystem using their IDs; potentially hindering their access to financial services/products.
3.1. ID authority (Deployement unit)
Typically governmental entities responsible for implementing processes and systems for collection, verification, storage, authentication, and credential issuance of identity data. The deployment unit manages day-to-day operations and administrations of core identity services including, but not limited to the dissemination of timely information.
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3.1.1. Dissemination of timely information by ID authority
Does the ID authority create, disseminate, and share relevant information (by themselves or through other support systems) frequently? The frequency could vary based on the coutnry and the context, however the balance between relevant and irrelevant information must be balanced.
Observed Practices 3.1.1.
Information around ID systems are often created and disseminated by the developing and deploying entity. ID authorities across the world leverage information channels to ensure trustworthy and reliable information.
For instance,
- In India, registration centers receive strategic information in forms of pamphlets or updates provided by the UIDAI.
The UIDAI also leverages various forms of media, especially print and digital media, to disseminate trustworthy information.
Implication 3.1.1.
> In cases where trusted information is not created and/or disseminated by a trusted entity, intermediaries, and registration center actors often independently consolidate information, resulting in inconsistencies across centers, or creation of unverified information.
> In the absence of trusted information, women often rely on verbal hearsay from various sources of information that may not always reliable or tougher to verify.
3.1.2. Strengthening existing knowledge
Does the ID authority create or support local knowledge creation or educational courses about IDs in their country?
Observed Practices 3.1.2.
It's crucial to educate people about IDs through structured curricula and other formats. Many countries in the early stages of digital ID programs are doing so in various ways.
For instance,
- Ethiopia conducts frequent check-ins with center supervisors to understand challenges of the center, provide training, and most importantly to share solutions on how to provide meaningful information to registrants. (Primary research)
- The Philippines Statistical Authority has collaborated with the University of Philippines to structure an education course that unpacks the identity ecosystem and the ways that users interact with it. (Primary research)
Implication 3.1.2.
There is a global gender gap in ID ownership, leading to fewer women possessing any form of ID and consequently, a lack of understanding or knowledge among women about IDs.
3.2. Registration Center level Actors
Actors at the registration centers are often considered the key agents that interact with residents and user of the ID system. Operators are typically tasked with conducting registration and onboarding resident information, providing information on the process and system, and addressing dynamic grievances (from the system and users).
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3.2.1. Informational resources (Formal intermediaries)
Do center operators voluntarily (or are mandated to) produce informational resources for registrants, and do they receive additional incentives for doing so?
Observed Practices 3.2.1.
These center operators are often from the same locality/ community and are fluent in local languages and dialects. They are adept at navigating the registration process in remote settings. Providing additional incentives can encourage them to create informational materials for dissemination in high-footfall areas such as print shops and registration centers.
- In Cambodia, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided a small financial reward to mobile registration volunteers for every 100 people registered. Similarly, incentives can be extended for providing information.
- In Ethiopia, operators and supervisors are onboarded that speak the languages of the nearby areas allowing easier flow of conversations and increased cooperation. (Primary research)
Implication 3.2.1.
> Center operators hold extensive knowledge about the process of obtaining ID, including obtaining pre-existing IDs and using digital IDs for services. They are adept at disseminating information in local dialects, and not leveraging them could be a missed opportunity to address existing information gaps.
> The absence of incentives discourages center operators to take a additional steps to create information materials in local languages and help women with the process of registration.
3.3. Last mile Actors
Last-mile actors are entities that support service delivery directly to communities, particularly those located in remote or under-served areas. These actors serve as the crucial link between service providers and the end users who potentially require support. CBEs/CSOs/NGOs along with informal networks (such as family and community members) can also be considered last mile actors. These entites typically possessing local knowledge, cultural understanding, and logistical capacity that is helpful to navigate the specific challenges and contexts within the communities they serve.
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3.3.1. Leveraging levers of change (Family/community)
Do last-mile actors in your country actively engage with communities to strengthen awareness around critical infrastructure and the modes to their access?
Observed Practices 3.3.1.
Last mile actors are vital in promoting digital literacy among women through outreach programs, campaigns, and training sessions, often deploying mobile or portable digital literacy infrastructure equipped with computers for interactive sessions in remote areas.
- P&G in India has committed to up-skilling 5 Lakh women from lesser privileged communities in the next 3 years. Similarly, in Ghana, private sector entities like Huawei provides digital upskilling program for women.
- UNITAR Training programme to develop essential skills for women and youth in Africa to enhance employment opportunities and livelihood development in the digital economy.
- Siemens’s partnership with UN Women Germany through the African Girls Can Code Initiative (AGCCI) to train girls and young women in Africa in digital and further skills.
Implication 3.3.1.
Lack of collaboration with last-mile entities such as CSOs/NGOs/CBEs for disseminating information about digital IDs could prove to be a missed opportunity to raise awareness. Many individuals, particularly in rural settings, are actively involved with such organisations, and are able to foster a sense of community in the areas where they operate. The inability to leverage such actors could present a missed opportunity.
3.4. Semi-formal intermediaires
Semi-formal intermediaries are typically different or ancilliary government agencies that might implement various schemes and services. While they don't operate directly under the ID authority, they are often recognized through formal collaborations. These intermediaries help support the pathways to obtain digital IDs, their relevance, and accessibility of an ID system.
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3.4.1. Leveraging existing worker network
Are there vibrant worker networks in your country that engage actively with communities to strengthen information and awareness around critical infrasctures and digital IDs?
Observed Practices 3.4.1.
There are various approaches deployed by different countries to leverage worker network.
For instance,
- Schools frequently serve as temporary registration points for IDs in many countries like Rwanda, with ID authorities leveraging school teachers for the registration process. These teachers are well-informed about ID-related knowledge and the registration process. It's crucial to disseminate this knowledge to students to enhance adoption rates among school-aged children.
Implication 3.4.1.
Worker or women networks, whether formal or informal, serve as crucial information access points for women at the hyper-local level. However, without collaboration with ancillary government agencies under which such networks function, leveraging these networks might require partnerships to be formed. Siloed operations could often result in inefficient usage of existing infrastructure increasing the costs of such systems and having trickle down effects on users.
4.1. ID authority (Deployement unit)
Typically governmental entities responsible for implementing processes and systems for collection, verification, storage and authentication, and credential issuance of identity data. The deployment unit manages day-to-day operations and administrations of core identity services including, but not limited to the dissemination of timely information.
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4.1.1. Recognising relevant intermediaries
Are private vendors recognised (or partnered with) and allowed to conduct registration or ID related work in your country?
Observed Practices 4.1.1.
If private vendors are authorized to conduct ID-related work, it is crucial to regularly provide them with accurate information, as many people rely on private vendors for such services.
Australia, similar to Philippines (PHLPost), has provided accreditation to Australia Post and financial institutions as digital ID service provider under the Trusted Digital Identity Framework (TDIF), as a result these actors receive official and updated information from the central ID authority.
Implication 4.1.1.
> The failure to recognize private vendors and government agencies involved in registration processes creates a large gap between last-mile residents and the state. Even with some connection with underserved areas, specific contexts and nuances might not be addressable by a centralised authority, often impacting the way that women and other underserved communities get serviced.
> Private vendors providing registration services often serve as important sources of information and guidance for users. However, if they are not authorized to conduct ID related tasks, it restricts the flow of information. Without recognition, these vendors may not receive updated information from the ID authority, leading to users not receiving reliable information.
4.1.2. Empowering intermediaries
Do recognised intermediaries receive timely updates and information about the registration process from the primary ID authority? Is this communication channel open for both sides and used for a way to share information for more than just operational updates?
Observed Practices 4.1.2.
Last-mile actors are crucial in raising community awareness about various aspects of digital IDs. It's vital that these intermediaries receive relevant and updated information from the ID authority to effectively support communities with the necessary information. In India, a vast network of last-mile actors disseminates information through pamphlets and other printed materials placed in public spaces.
Implication 4.1.2.
Intermediaries are vital in linking different communities to centralized systems. However, if these intermediaries are not equipped with relevant information about IDs, they cannot disseminate it further to assist underserved population groups.
4.1.3. Leveraging different forms of media
Are various forms of media (such as newspapers, radio, etc.) being leveraged to disseminate information about digital ID?
Observed Practices 4.1.3.
In Malawi, information was disseminated via multiple channels, including newspapers, radio, and television as well as with the help of local faith-based and community-level organizations. An SMS service provided citizens with information about when a campaign would be launched in their district
For instance, Ethiopia uses a variety of social media platforms, Philippines uses postal delivery workers, to diversify streams and channels of information.
Implication 4.1.3.
Relying on singular formats for information dissemination (online or offline) can reduce the effectiveness of reach of the information. Last mile users often receive information from various sources, with women relying more on offline sources to strengthen awareness.
4.2. Last mile Actors
Last-mile actors are entities that support service delivery directly to communities, particularly those located in remote or under-served areas. These actors serve as the crucial link between service providers and the end users who potentially require support. CBEs/CSOs/NGOs along with informal networks (such as family and community members) can also be considered last mile actors. These entites typically possessing local knowledge, cultural understanding, and logistical capacity that is helpful to navigate the specific challenges and contexts within the communities they serve.
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4.2.1. Leveraging levers for change (family/community) for encouraging women
Are family and community level actors actively engaged through multi-stakeholder approaches to help with community mobilisation and awareness building? (Multi-stakeholder approaches could include handholding from community based entities or interventions in place to gain feedback from the central authorities)
Observed Practices 4.2.1.
Last mile actors like family/community level actors play a crucial role in behavioural change or enabling women's agency and empowerment.
In Rwanda, members of the National Technical Team ensured that TV, radio, church, community, and ministry announcements were made to explain the ID project and the technology that would be used.
Implication 4.2.1.
In cases where these actors are not enabled meaningfully, strengthening women's awareness around such systems could be hampered. Family and community actors serve as key information sources and influential access points for women. They can facilitate women's access to resources such as digital devices and newspapers.
5.1. Source of Information
To strengthen awareness of critical digital infrastructures, availability, and access to various resources is crucial. These sources could be in the form of online/offline infrastructures or information.
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5.1.1. Hyper-local networks (formal or informal)
Is there a vibrant formal or informal network (at the rural or hyper-local level) in your country that engages more directly with the community and more specifically women users? These networks often disseminate information exchange or act as parts of the greivance redressal mechanism.
Observed Practices 5.1.1.
Meaningful collaboration with existing worker networks, whether formal or informal, can assist ID deployers in spreading information within communities and fostering behavioral change at the local level. Providing relevant information to recognized worker networks by the ID authority can enhance the credibility of the information. Moreover, offering training and logistical support to these networks can further strengthen their effectiveness.
For instance,
- India's ASHA and Anganwadi networks in addition to various Self Help Groups formed by CSOs or NGOs often strengthen awareness of critical infrastructure through more personalised interactions with women. Such networks often provide information about maternal and child health to women and co-create pathways to improve access to essential services.
- In the Philippines, postal delivery executives played a crucial role in providing information and registering individual households and women during Covid-19.
Implication 5.1.1.
In the absence of worker networks for information dissemination, ID authorities are solely burdened with the task of providing relevant information. This could be a considerable cost for such actors depending on the mechanisms of the deployment or operations.
5.1.2. Hyper-local community champions or authority figures
Are there local authorities (elected or otherwise) that actively engage with community members (specifically women) to understand on-ground challenges or disseminate information about critical cimmunity requirements?
Observed Practices 5.1.2.
Barangay Captains in the Philippines are key sources of information that facilitate access to services. To strengthen offline systems, Barangay captains were leveraged to provide information about identity systems in the Philippines during the Covid-19 pandemic. (Primary research)
Implication 5.1.2.
Authority figures (elected or otherwise) are key levers of change and can influence crucial information exchange. In some cases, such actors do not receive timely and relevant information. In cases where such sources are misinformed or do not have accurate and holistic information, they could create adverse effects with people who rely on them for service access related information.
5.2. Information Process Points
In cases of digital IDs, supporting infrastructure should be in place to enabe more effective usage. While these access points could differ depending on the country context, it could be beneficial for the primary actors to think and intervene to ensure more effective supporting structures.
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5.2.1. Digital channels of information
In your best estiamte, is the penetration of data networks or digital devices above 30% in your country (including rural areas)?
Observed Practices 5.2.1.
- India aims to provide last mile internet connectivity in rural parts through BharatNet Project. The success of BharatNet project in rural India inspired decision-makers to introduce schemes like Wi-Fi Choupal, aimed at extending Wi-Fi to remote rural areas.
- The Ghana Investment Fund for Electronic Communications (GIFEC) has undertaken various projects to provide telecommunication services, including internet access, to rural and underserved communities across the country. As a part of rural telephony project, government of Ghana aims to finish 560 rural telephony sites.
Implication 5.2.1.
> In areas of low connectivity or high costs to access digital networks, women are often limited in how they access information.
> In cases where connectivity and affordability are manageable, women often don't have ownership over various resources that can strengthen awareness.
5.2.2. Non-digital channels of information
Are there at least 2-3 existing channels through which information can be disseminated at the hyper-local or rural level? Examples of this could be radio, newspaper, last mile service providers, etc.
Observed Practices 5.2.2.
- Radio remains a vital means of communication in Africa due to its affordability and accessibility. With one radio receiver for every five people, it is the dominant mass medium on the continent.
- In rural parts of India, women often rely on newspapers and their family or community for relevant information. (Primary research)
Implication 5.2.2.
> In areas of low connectivity, various non-digital formats play a crucial role in disseminating information. In certain cases, system developers and deployers are often unable to create robust collaterals or strategies that ensure information exchange in under-served areas.
> In low-resource countries, women often rely on information received from such sources. However, a lack of such channels could further reduce the ability of women to strengthen their awareness of critical infrastructure
1.1. Availability
Infrastructure availability is crucial for enhancing access to the digital ID system, especially for women and vulnerable populations. This involves establishing enrollment centers in easily reachable locations, mitigating obstacles like long distances and transportation limitations. Ensuring accessible infrastructure extends the reach of the digital ID system, particularly in low-resource settings, facilitating broader inclusion and participation.
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1.1.1. Presence of customer support or grievance redressal
Can users access grievance redressal and customer support mechanisms through online and offline formats?
Observed Practices 1.1.1.
Providing easy access to registration center can lead to increase in registrations. There are various approaches that have been deployed by various countries to make registration center infrastructure more accessible, these approaches are: a) building new registration centers at the hyper local level; b) leveraging the ancillary infrastructure by collaboration of ID authority and other government agencies. (Primary research)
- Co-location and mobile registration strategies in Philippines for ID registrations, simlutaneous bank account opening, or availing welfare schemes (by DSWD) have also yielded in significant efficiency gains and improved convenience for women. (Primary research)
- Using existing government-owned social or administrative infrastructure as temporary registration points, such as schools (Rwanda) or small churches (Bolivia).
Deploying mobile temporary registration offices, such as vans or trucks, stationed at a site for the duration of the registration drive (Bolivia).
- During the registration campaign, the National Database and Registration Authority of Pakistan created 2,000 temporary “pop-up” registration offices.
- A network of service centers in Pakistan streamlines pension disbursements for the elderly, facilitated by collaborations with banks and local vendors. This innovative infrastructure, leveraging NADRA's network, serves as a blueprint for expanding government services like health insurance and public health initiatives.
Implication 1.1.1.
> Limited registration center availability in hyper-local or rural areas signals that women would need to invest significant resources—time, effort, and money—to visit centers in urban or neighboring areas. (Primary research)
> In order to avail access to specific services, residents often have to visit scheme-specific centers. Visiting scheme-specific centers each time for accessing service can incur additional logistical costs, potentially demotivating women. Subsequently, additional visits in cases of incomplete documentation, missing information, and so on, can create additional costs.
1.1.2. Safeguards and protection
Are there protections in place that deter bad actors or intermediaries to store, use, or abuse user's shared data?
Observed Practices 1.1.2.
Building offline infrastructure for registration along with the availability of online interaction formats have proved useful for various countries.
- Countries across the world like Singapore, UAE, India, Ethiopia, Philippines etc. have built offline infrastructure that facilitates citizen's registration for ID, improving women's access to ID systems, making them more accessible and inclusive.
Implication 1.1.2.
> Relying only on online mechanism for ID registration/updation can create barriers for users with limited access to internet connectivity and device ownership.
> Women with limited digital literacy often finds it difficult to navigate the online portal/platform for registration despite owning digital devices. Additionally, androcentric structures debilitate women's ability to access online portals or even offline registration centers.
1.1.3. Wide network approach
Can users in rural areas access registration centers/service access centers within a 5km radius?
Observed Practices 1.1.3.
Post the registration stage, timely updation of credentials like biometric, iris scan, contact number, address, name, date of birth, and so on, plays a vital role in making digital ID system efficient and sustainable in long term.
- Countries with mature ID system and higher adoption have built robust updation process. For instance, India's digital ID system also allows simpler updation of details through the ID portal, allowing users to use community digital devices to alter and edit details. India has also established offline mechanism for updation process.
Implication 1.1.3.
> As the ID system matures and adoption grows, it becomes essential to periodically update users' credentials. Failure to update these credentials may result in authentication failure or inaccurate information about residents.
> Remote areas continue to be inaccessible for centralised systems, and requires residents to make considerable efforts to access basic infrastructure. Women in such areas continue to be further under-served due to various socio-normative and resource constraints.
1.1.4. Multi-modal access
Can users register for their IDs through offline mechanisms?
Observed Practices 1.1.4.
To prevent further implications of procurement, it is crucial to inform registrants of the documentation requirements for registering for foundational ID.
For instance,
- Philippines PhilID has a dedicated page on their website that lists the supporting documents that can be used for registration.
- Various ID authorities (India, Philippines, etc.) prepare and disseminate communication collaterals that are displayed at various registration centers, community centers, religious centers, etc. that list the various documents that can be used to register for the foundational ID. (Primary research)
Implication 1.1.4.
While registering for an ID, women are often unable to access pre-existing ID/documents required for registration. Research indicates that women have traditionally been under-identified and represented when it comes to identification. To overcome these existing barriers, women in ancrocentric family setups rely on male family members for accessing pre-ID or ID.
1.1.5. Conducting rural registration drives or frequent updation drives
Does the authority conduct updation drives in rural areas every 5 years?
Observed Practices 1.1.5.
Countries are increasingly adopting digitisation of government initiatives through tele-centres or common community infrastructure in an effort to connect citizens, providing access to services, and increasing transparency in the process of delivering these services. These centres democratise service access for those without digital literacy or internet access.
- India has presence of over 5 lakh Common Service Centers (CSCs) that are operational across the country. Furthermore, CSCs and private hyper-local vendors provide a variety of access to private and public services.
- Brazil and other countries have implemented Citizen Service Centers. Such centers, among other services provided, are typically responsible for the issuance of personal documents, and are therefore an integral part of the citizen-state interaction.
Implication 1.1.5.
> Women's lack of personal device ownership can create several access related challenges when interacting with digital platforms. Furthermore, ownership at the family level is also riddled with socio-normative constraints or digital literacy challenges (or platform specific mastery) that further inhibit women's interactions.
> In cases where ownership may not be a challenge, navigation and digital mastery continue to inhibit women's interaction with digital platforms.
1.1.6. Accesssiblity to pre-existing IDs/documents
Are the required documents/pre-exisiting IDs (functional) to register for the ID listed collectively in accessible online/offline respositeries?
Observed Practices 1.1.6.
Most digital ID systems across the world build in some form of grievance redressal mechanism, but not necessarily in both online and offline formats or a combination of both. Creating several pathways for such grievance redressal could help strengthen state and citizen interactions and particularly benefit women in low resource areas.
For instance,
- UIDAI in India provides grievance redressal support in both online and offline formats. Online complaints can be filed via phone call or the UIDAI platform, while offline complaints can be filed through regional offices.
Most of the digital ID systems like UAE pass, Singpass, Phill ID have online grievance system within the digital platform.
Implication 1.1.6.
Grievance redressal mechanisms are key in consolidating potential course correction strategies and strengthening citizen and state connections. In various deployments of ID systems, grievance redressal mechanisms are often missing or rely solely on online (or through phone) channels, creating a distance between users and the system.
As a result of literacy rates, ownership constraints, and comfort levels, women often rely on various formats (online and offline) to register grievances. Non-robust systems often create hesitations or barriers to meaningfully engaging with such systems.
Even with the presence of such initiatives, grievance redressal mechanisms can only be accessed during static time windows, often reducing the ability of women to interact with this part of the system. (Primary research)
1.1.7. Availability of training or upskilling
Do rural areas have physical infrastructure that can train users or provide them access to digital networks?
Observed Practices 1.1.7.
Due to the nature of the information collected through such systems, deployment actors could benefit from increasing transparency around existing measures, collaborative efforts, or upcoming solutions that work towards protecting users data and information.
For instance,
- SingPass also provides users information on their website about how data can be safeguarded from the user side, and the efforts in place to protect and preserve users data from the system side.
- Indian CSOs provide channels and offline mechanisms like leveraging informal intermediaries such as community leaders and local government officials who share crucial information around how sensitive information is protected.
- Australia's digital ID system provides mechanism to report identity related scams and privacy breaches.
Implication 1.1.7.
Observations have shown that women, in particular, often have concerns about the intentions of registration officers or other intermediaries around how their data will be utilized. This reluctance often creates a disincentive for women to engage with any part of digital ID systems.
1.2. Capacity
The capacity of infrastructure is determined by various factors that enhance the efficiency of center operations, including sufficient seating space, the presence of equipment used for conducting enrollment, sanitation facilities, security measures for women, and the availability of female staffing.
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1.2.1. Registration center outfitting
Do all registration centers (mobile or fixed) have at least
(i) One fully operational and well-maintained registration kit(s)
(ii) Presence of privacy screens
(iii) Electricity backup and network connectivity(iv) Availability of a bathroom and waiting spaces
Observed Practices 1.2.1.
Having basic amenities like registration kits, waiting space, electricity backup etc. in place at the registration center can be crucial to increase the efficiency of center operations.
- In Malawi, biometric registration kits were solar powered, and included a digital camera, laptop, fingerprint scanner, card reader, photo booth, solar panel, and other peripheral equipment. As they were in use for approximately 12 hours per day, extra batteries were carried. Rapid response teams were deployed to repair kits on the spot in cases of troubleshooting.
To prevent theft or misuse, registration officers were the first to be issued IDs, which were then linked to a specific kit and required continuous logging in to ensure safety and authenticity.
- The Philippines registration centers accommodate waiting spaces for women that visit with families and have a lactation room present on premises to increase convenience and ease for women users.
- By deploying their pre-registration portal, Ethiopia was able to streamline their registration process, significantly reducing the amount of time taken during registration. (Primary research)
Implication 1.2.1.
> In situations where ID system deployments lack some of these elements, it creates inconveniences for women users, demotivating them from visiting registration/service access centers repeatedly.
> Absence of basic facilities like sanitation, seating space, security presence etc. makes registration centers inhospitable and less gender sensitive.
> Women are often burdened with household responsibilities and child care or engaged with informal work. However, if registration centers become overcrowded, it could prolong wait times for women, potentially disrupting their ability to complete the registration process within their allocated time.
1.2.2. Time to receive ID
Can registrants receive their digital ID number (or physical artefact in some cases) within a month from when they have pre-registered?
Observed Practices 1.2.2.
Providing a timely digital ID number should be considered the key priority for any digital ID system. In certain cases, partnerships with ancillary governmental authorities (like the postal service) have improved the turn-around time for users to receive their physical ID cards.
- Philippine Identification system attempts to provide the digital ID number to users after registration within 10-12 days. In cases where last mile delivery proved to be a challenge, the postal service was on-boarded to distribute the physical artefact.
Implication 1.2.2.
> In some cases, users sometimes endure prolonged waiting periods ranging from 2 to 6 months to receive their physical IDs. In the absence of accessible tracking systems, users often remain unaware about their ID processes.
> Observations also indicate that extended wait times for receiving IDs significantly impede service access, particularly for those with specific timelines to adhere to.
1.2.3. Registration/service center timings
Do all registration/service centers have dynamic operation timings that are conducive for women?
Observed Practices 1.2.3.
It is essential for any ID system to understand the contextual need and address challenges around registration center timings that can accomodate women effortlessly.
- In India, registration centers have later operational hours, earlier lunch breaks as women tend to visit rural registration centers later in the day. While some of these practices might have been implemented in certain centers only, creating SOPs for such instances or exceptions could help improve women's ability to visit registration centers.
- NADRA opened 15 women-only registration centers. These centers were staffed entirely by women (managers, data entry operators, and drivers), thereby overcoming reluctance of women or their families to register.
Implication 1.2.3.
Static operation times of registration and service centers can significantly impede women's access, especially those that might be informally employed. In cases of formally employed women, observations indicated that users have to take a day leave to visit registration centers. In both cases, the impact on women can be seen on income generating activities, job securities and other repsonsibilities. Additionally, women with household responsibilities find it challenging to visit centers frequently.
1.2.4. Mitigation of hidden expenses
Is there a documented process that penalizes hidden or corrupt charges for registrants?
Observed Practices 1.2.4.
It is crucial to mitigate the influence of bad actors to enhance the user-friendliness of registration centers. Many countries are adopting measures to ensure transparency and eliminate hidden expenses in center operations.
For instance,
- Registration centres for the Fayda ID are often operated by a combination of capable operators and supervisors in open, public and transparent centres. Representatives from the NIDP team also maintain frequent contact through check-ins and spot checks to ensure more accountability.
(Primary research)
- NADRA has tried to solve same problem by increasing the pay for registration agents and introducing a reward and recognition system to reduce the acceptance of bribes or creation of fraudulent IDs. Such pay-for-performance models are gaining in popularity, with strict controls in place to prevent multiple, incomplete, or low-quality registrations.
Implication 1.2.4.
Poorly monitored centers (or areas where information asymmetry could exist) can often put in place invisible or hidden charges for services that are otherwise free. Research suggests that such costs (bribery, corruption, prioritisation) erode the trust of women users in the system.
1.3. Capability
The capability of infrastructure is determined by various factors on the personnel side, such as gender-sensitive and women-friendly staff. These factors contribute significantly to the effectiveness of operations, ensuring a supportive and inclusive environment for all individuals, especially women interacting with the infrastructure.
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1.3.1. Registration information quality
Can registration kits and operators conduct dynamic quality tests at the registration stage?
Observed Practices 1.3.1.
- Ethiopia's two pronged approach to ensure quality of data collected significantly reduces communication and logistical lags for women.
- Operators verify information with registrants using a 2 screen set up
- This information is verified using information uploaded at the pre-registration portal.
- The operators 'push' this information to center supervisors, who conduct real time checks on the quality.
- Incorporating more reliable hardware solutions (printers, biometric scanners, etc.) has also seen improvements in time taken to register, and an increase in quality of information collected.
Implication 1.3.1.
In many instances, data collected is of compromised or poor quality, often undetected by the kits. When not identified in real-time, this can create communication and logistical challenges for women, requiring them to provide their information again and in some cases revisiting registration centers.
1.3.2. Upskilling of center operators
Are training/upskilling of registration center operators conducted every 6 months? (Training could include gender sensitisation, socio-cultural training, consent seeking, etc.)
Observed Practices 1.3.2.
It is important to take into account the contextual understanding in order to make registration process more inclusive and user-friendly.
- Ethiopia's hiring practices show that center operators are typically identified from local areas, are able to speak local and regional languages, and have a high level of education. Such parameters often allow a more gender sensitive approach during registrations.
- Ethiopia also deploys a dual operator system (typically of opposite genders) to ensure more comfortability with registrants.
- Ethiopia also conducts check-ins with center supervisors to ensure smoother operations and conducts training with operators fairly frequently.
Implication 1.3.2.
Lack of gender sensitivity and unfamiliarity with local socio-cultural norms among center operators can lead to gender discrimination and impact enrollment rates in certain areas.
1.3.3. Troubleshooting and escalations
Can all registration operators perform software and hardware level troubleshooting or escalate grievances in a timely manner?
Observed Practices 1.3.3.
Requirement of highly skilled center operators is essential that can tackle the software or hardware issues immediately.
- As a result of their hiring practices, Ethiopia has highly skilled operators and supervisors. Supervisors typically have a background in computer sciences. This enables a first level of trouble-shooting to take place at the registration center.
- In case of escalations, dedicated team members from the deployment unit at the ID authority are available to address such occurrences.
- As Ethiopia's registration kits are interoperable and modular in nature, it is possible to substituting hardware at the operator or supervisor level.
Implication 1.3.3.
In several instances, occurrences of software and hardware breakdowns take place at registration centers. This significantly impacts women users as time lags and re-planning often create hurdles for access.
1.4. Alternate Access Mechanism
Practices and strategies in place that allow access to registration or services through non-traditional mechanisms.
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1.4.1. Co-location strategies
Can users register for their IDs through other facilities? (Could include schools, community centers, SHG convening, etc.)
Observed Practices 1.4.1.
There are several instances of ID authority using ancillary infrastructure as the temporary registration points, by collaborating with the different government agencies.
- Temporary Registration Points: In Rwanda and Bolivia, other government-owned social or administrative infrastructure, such as schools or small churches, are repurposed as temporary registration points. This approach allows for wider accessibility and convenience for applicants.
- Mobile Temporary Registration Offices: Bolivia employs mobile temporary registration offices, often in the form of vans or trucks, which are stationed at specific sites for the duration of the registration drive. This mobile setup enables authorities to reach remote areas and populations more effectively.
- Pop-up Registration Offices: During registration campaigns, the National Database and Registration Authority of Pakistan established 2,000 temporary 'pop-up' registration offices. These offices were strategically placed to cater to high-demand areas, ensuring broader coverage and facilitating easier access for applicants. The inability of ID authorities to utilize the existing worker network often stems from a lack of recognition of semi-formal intermediaries. This recognition gap arises from the absence of collaborative efforts between the ID authority and other government administrations that oversee these intermediaries.
- In Rwanda, during the country's extensive three-day registration campaign in 2007, schools played a pivotal role. Teachers served as registration agents, utilizing over 15,000 temporary registration points to enroll the entire population in the paper-based registration process. These examples highlight the successful utilization of existing worker networks and infrastructure to facilitate widespread ID registration initiatives.
Implication 1.4.1.
Rural areas often have limited infrastructure, hindering user's access to registration centers. With reduced decision making ability and resource constraints, women are often the most impacted by missing infrastructure.
1.4.2. Availability of alternative pathways
Can women leverage other forms/systems to access services or receive benefits without a foundational ID?
Observed Practices 1.4.2.
It is essential to set up mechanisms through access to services is made possible using other form of IDs.
For instance
- In the Philippines, users were unable to receive their official physically printed foundational ID. In this instance, the PSA allowed the E-PhilID to be printed at local shops, laminated and produced during service access.
Implication 1.4.2.
> Restricting alternative methods or systems for women to access benefits or services and using only on foundational IDs, can often limit women's ability to access services.
> Research indicates that mandating digital ID for accessing services results in the exclusion of women from benefits and social welfare programs.
1.4.3. Governing interlinked access strategies
Are these alternate mechanisms supervised and corrected in any way by the deploying authority?
Observed Practices 1.4.3.
> Ethiopia leveraged the existing infrastructure of the Ministry of Revenue to conduct foundational ID registration, obtaining a Tax Identification Number, and the interlinking of these two identification numbers. This strategic partnership was done at the governmental level and strategies for relevant information collection was done using interoperable systems.
> The Philippines uses co-location strategies with government owned financial institutions, allowing users to obtain a foundational ID as well as open a bank account in the same location.
Implication 1.4.3.
> It is crucial to leverage the alternate access mechanism in order to improve access to IDs/services for women.
> Not having a formal collaboration between ID authority and the alternate access infrastructure often fails to provide ID authority the ability to manage effective operations.
2.1. Digital Resources
With countries relying on digitisation to improve systems efficiency, public infrastructure is evolving to leverage digital interfaces and devices that provide access to digital portals. This typically requires users to own some form of digital resources to access such systems. The ownership levels could vary from and within countries, creating digital divides based on various socio-economic factors.
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2.1.1. Digital Access (Individual)
What percentage of women in your country own personal smartphones or devices with access to the internet?
Observed Practices 2.1.1.
To address the lack of digital device ownership among women, accessibility to the digital ID system can be improved by enhancing offline mechanisms such as:
- Print shops and local internet cafes in Ethiopia often facilitate portal and service interaction.
- Leveraging the existing infrastructure of ancillary government agencies increases availability of center and unpack access center requirements.
- Enabling Mobile registration through feature phones.
- Conducting registration drives in rural settings. For instance, Rwanda and Malawi.
Implication 2.1.1.
Reduced personal ownership of digital devices hampers women's ability to interact with digital system. Due to lack of ownership over digital devices women:
> Are often unable to independently access pre-registration/registration portals.
> Have limited or monitored access when using family owned/shared devices.
> Have to rely on community infrastructure.
> Unable to add a phone number in cases where phone number is a mandated field.
> Information available through online formats might be hard to access due to women's low ownership and access to digital devices
> Patriarchal dynamics often assume that women have no need for digital devices, leading to restricted access even when family and community can afford it.
2.1.2. Digital Access (Family)
Is there high digital ownership among family in your country?(At least one device per household)
Observed Practices 2.1.2.
To address the lack of digital device ownership among women, accessibility to the digital ID system can be improved by enhancing offline mechanisms such as:
- Print shops and local internet cafes in Ethiopia often facilitate portal and service interaction.
- Leveraging the existing infrastructure of ancillary government agencies increases availability of center and unpack access center requirements.
- Enabling Mobile registration through feature phones.
- Conducting registration drives in rural settings. For instance, Rwanda and Malawi.
Implication 2.1.2.
The scarcity of digital infrastructure at the family level results in a heavy reliance on community-owned devices, leading to several consequences:
> Women's access to digital devices/infrastructure on the basis of community's needs and understanding.
> women's personal requirements are influenced by the dependencies created by community infrastructure.
2.2. Different Identity documents
To access the registration process for foundational IDs, ownership over required documents is crucial and can significantly change interaction mechanisms.
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2.2.1. Pre-existing ID availability
What percentage of women own some form of essential ID credentials (functional or previously foundational) in your country?
Observed Practices 2.2.1.
Keeping enrollment requirements minimal and flexible especially where existing government databases may be limited. During registration campaigns, individuals should be allowed to provide various forms of identity (birth certificates, voter registration cards, community testimonials). This approach bolsters inclusion, even when official documentation is unavailable.
For instance:
- In foundational ID systems like Botswana's Universal Registration Campaign and Malawi's national ID program, keeping enrollment requirements minimal and flexible is considered essential for ensuring accessibility, particularly for vulnerable populations. For example, Botswana relaxed documentation requirements and relied on community-level verification, while Malawi implemented a scoring system to assess identity evidence.
- Similarly, in voter registries like Liberia's and Namibia's, various options were provided for proving identity, such as social footprints or fingerprinting for illiterate voters, to enhance inclusion and accessibility.
Implication 2.2.1.
> Without pre-existing ID credentials, women are often discouraged or unable to obtain newer forms of foundational IDs.
> Obtaining verification documents to interact with a foundational ID could prove to be resource expensive (Primary research)
> Procuring these pre-existing documents continue to exist and are often necessary resulting in significant resource spends to obtain such documents
> In some cases, women often lack personal ownership of obtained ID documents, as families often monitor and limit the access and usage of such documentation. This manifests in a significant amount of time and effort being spent to coordinate with family members to re-access/use women's own functional ID. (Primary research)
3.1. Economic and Non-economic costs
Logistics for accessing digital IDs encompasses ensuring the availability and efficient management of resources, considering factors such as minimizing disruptions to women daily responsibilities. Additionally, logistical support may involve garnering assistance from family or community members to facilitate access to digital ID services.
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3.1.1. Affordability of the entire journey
Can users obtain ID without any personal cost? (Costs could include cost of ID, cost of physical artefact, cost of registration through intermediaries and so on)
Observed Practices 3.1.1.
Ensuring that the process of obtaining pre-existing IDs is free of cost is crucial for improving accessibility to foundational ID.
In Indonesia, reforms implemented in 2014 included the removal of administrative fees and the provision of legal identity registration services in villages through integrated and mobile services known as Integrated Service Centers.
Similarly, evidence from Tanzania, Ghana, and Brazil highlights the effectiveness of removing registration fees to encourage registration. Tanzania and Ghana notably extended the period of free registration, while Brazil mandated that registration be free for everyone.
Angola made birth registration and the issuance of birth certificates free for all children under the age of five in 2007. These initiatives aim to eliminate financial barriers and incentivise individuals to register for identification.
Implication 3.1.1.
Women are considered to be more price-sensitive than their male counterparts, resulting in hesitations to engage with services involving costs for registration or obtaining physical cards. Additionally, when there is a cost associated with the physical artifact of a digital ID, women may encounter challenges in opting for it, given their limited decision-making power for financial transactions within the household.
3.1.2. Minimising the cost of transportation
Is there any special transport accommodation made for vulnerable or far flung populations when registering or updating their ID credentials or accessing service centers?
Observed Practices 3.1.2.
Ensuring accessibility of registration points to marginalized groups is crucial. This can be achieved by either improving public/private transportation facilities to make existing infrastructure accessible or by establishing registration points closer to the vicinity of vulnerable populations, which could be either permanent or temporary sites.
Global practices indicate:
• Using other government-owned social or administrative infrastructure as temporary registration points, such as schools (Rwanda) or small churches (Bolivia)
• Deploying mobile brigades who move from site to site on a scheduled time. (Malawi, Bolivia)
• Deploying mobile temporary registration offices, such as a vans or trucks, which are stationed at a site for the duration of the registration drive (Bolivia).
Implication 3.1.2.
Limited connectivity restricts women from completing pre-registration, forcing them to travel to areas with better connectivity, often relying on family or community for logistical support.
- Costs associated with public/private transport may discourage women from accessing the registration center.
For instance,
- In Namibia it was observed that around 2000 Demographic and Health Survey found that the main reason for not registering births was the distance to the nearest registration office, and that this factor alone accounted for approximately one-third of unregistered births.
- In Cameroon, the burden of transportation costs are the most frequently cited reason for late registration.
3.1.3. Cost of obtaining pre-existing ID or documents
Is the cost of obtaining alternative or pre-existing ID (functional or otherwise) free?
Observed Practices 3.1.3.
Governing the costs of other IDs or identity documents can be challenging for various governmental authorities. In instances where obtaining alternative forms of ID might be expensive for women users, ID authorities should be open to accepting a variety of pre-existing IDs or documents for foundational ID registration.
For instance,
- Ethiopia and Philippines have significantly increased the number of pre-existing documentation they accept as identity proof when registering.
- Ethiopia also uses a nomination approach which allows users with an existing Fayda ID to nominate someone who don't have other forms of pre-existing identification.
Implication 3.1.3.
> Requirement of documents/pre-existing IDs in cases where such foundational ID systems have been mandated which results to various forms of exclusion. To avail access to these IDs the backward linkage costs are often significant and can deter women from obtaining such IDs.
> Difficulties in obtaining one form of ID can make it harder to get other forms of identification. For example, individuals without birth certificates may face difficulties in obtaining ID cards that require proof of birth, unless alternative documents or vetting procedures are accepted.
4.1. ID Authority (Technical team)
The ID authorities are specialised entities responsible for implementing processes and system for collection, verification, storage and authentication of identity data it is also responsible for credential issuance. The technical unit of ID authority manages technical aspect of system which includes developing an interoperable technological infrastructure and maintaining the system on daily basis.
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4.1.1. Understanding registration/updation denial
In case digital ID applications are rejected (duplication, incorrect biometric credentials, etc.), is information/rationale shared with users?
Observed Practices 4.1.1.
Reasons behind rejecting applications should be provided throguh the registration portal/platform such that it is easily to understand for registration center operators and they can further disseminate this information to the users.
Implication 4.1.1.
> Failure to provide a valid reason or clear explanation for rejecting a digital ID application can lead to mistrust among users toward the system.(Primary research)
> Due to a lack of clear understanding regarding the rejection of their application, users may be unable to fulfill the requirements necessary to avoid the same problem.
4.2. Ancillary government agencies
Ancillary government authorities are those that do not operate under the ID authority but are responsible for implementing other essential state services like healthcare/education/other welfare services. These authorities often possess skilled human resources for the implementation of state services. In the context of strengthening access points of the ID system, formal collaborations with such government authorities are often considered to leverage their existing infrastructure and human resources for ID-related work.
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4.2.1. Identifying and connecting ID linkage
Do most service providers (public or private) provide opportunities to register for IDs within their facilities?
Observed Practices 4.2.1.
Incorporating ID registration facilities at service access points can streamline procedures and reduce indirect costs such as time and travel expenses.
- Countries like Morocco and Tanzania have merged birth registration and certificate issuance processes to overcome barriers. For instance, in Tanzania, registration can occur at healthcare facilities during immunization.
- In Brazil, maternity hospitals offer registration services immediately after birth.
- In the case of Botswana’s Universal Registration Campaign (launched in 2015), which aimed to increase registration of births among vulnerable populations (people living in remote areas, people with disabilities, orphans, street children, and other vulnerable children) documentation requirements were relaxed. Instead, identity evidence about the registrant was provided through community-level verification. If applicants lacked an official proof of birth, any available “social footprints” were used to assist in registration.
Implication 4.2.1.
> In cases where physical infrastructure might be limited, a lack of infrastructure or access options often constrict women from accessing IDs or services.
> In absence of ID registration facilities at service centers, service provision systems might require women to visit specific ID registration centers, adding an extra step to their service access journey and incurring additional logistical costs.
4.3. Last Mile Actors
Last-mile actors are entities that support service delivery directly to communities, particularly those located in remote or under-served areas. These actors serve as the crucial link between service providers and the end users who potentially require support. CBEs/CSOs/NGOs along with informal networks (such as family and community members) can also be considered last mile actors. These entites typically possessing local knowledge, cultural understanding, and logistical capacity that is helpful to navigate the specific challenges and contexts within the communities they serve.
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4.3.1. Facilitating access
Do CSOs engage in strengthening women's access to their IDs and other services?
Observed Practices 4.3.1.
Leveraging last mile actors can improve access to digital IDs and can reduce the burden of ID deployers. Recognising and partnering with the community champions, local leaders, as they can identify the contextual requirements and influence the ID authority to conduct registration drives as per needs of the community.
For instance,
- District Level Officer/ Member Panchayati Raj Institution/ Urban Local Bodies have an important role under Aadhaar program. The members of these bodies act as community influencers and play an important role in mobilizing the residents. Apart from this they act as 'introducers' and also help ensure smooth enrollment activity at the enrollment centers.
Implication 4.3.1.
ID systems are often operated through a central authority, that might be unable to provide specific assistance at the hyper-local or rural level. While grassroot entities like CSOs, NGOs, and CBEs have a primary understanding of problems faced by people at the hyper-local level, they often provide solutions in white spaces. The inability to leverage such actors could result in missed opportunities to make systems more inclusive at the local level.
5.1. ID authority (Deployement Unit)
Typically governmental entities responsible for implementing processes and systems for collection, verification, storage, authentication, and credential issuance of identity data. The deployment unit manages day-to-day operations and administrations of core identity services including, but not limited to the dissemination of timely information.
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5.1.1. Incentivising recognised intermediaries
Are formal intermediaries provided additional incentives to keep the registration center hospitable?
Observed Practices 5.1.1.
Offering additional incentives to formal intermediaries acting as registration agents can encourage them to enhance the hospitality of registration centers. Practices such as fostering competition among registration agents can also incentivize innovation in the registration process, ultimately making it more user-friendly and welcoming.
For instance,
- In Cambodia, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) provided a small financial reward to mobile registration volunteers for every 100 people registered.
Implication 5.1.1.
In the absence of extra incentives in place for registration center operators, centers can evolve to become inhospitible over time and have emerging invisible costs negatively impacting women's experiences while registering or availing services.
5.1.2. Concerns of center operators
Are center operators held accountable through penalties?
Observed Practices 5.1.2.
It is important to provide conducive working environment for registration agents such that they go beyond their traditional duty of registration and also help users with customized registration guidance.
- To address this, ID authorities may consider granting limited exemptions to center operators who make mistakes while registering, with warnings sent.
Implication 5.1.2.
Interactions with center operators revealed that they are supposed to pay penalties for registering through other forms of pre-ID or documents when a specific pre-ID is unavailable. This may deter intermediaries from assisting women unless all necessary documents are readily available. This often creates an additional burden on last mile actors. (Primary research)
5.1.3. Capacity building programs
Does the ID authority conduct capacity-building programs for intermediaries every 6 months?
Observed Practices 5.1.3.
Capacity building of registration center operators is crucial yet can prove to be complex and expensive when done at the scale. Different countries have deployed different procedures to train the operators in the most efficient ways.
For instance,
- In Pakistan, the recruitment drive in certain remote areas did not lead to enough qualified applicants, so the qualification threshold was lowered and additional training was provided.
- Because of the large number of agents, training usually involves the 'training of trainers; model and may need to occur in phases. In Malawi, as one cohort of agents was trained, they were deployed to the field, so it was not necessary to train everyone at once before the campaign could start. In India, the similar approach of training of trainers was observed.
- Training of registration operators should be frequent and continuous that provide real world experience and ability problem solve different scenarios. Furthermore, there should be comprehensive manuals provided to registration staff and supervisors.
- Capacity building for partnered worker networks can be achieved through two approaches.
A) Launching customised training programs for worker network. For example, in India, the ASHA and Anganwadi worker networks receive training to facilitate digital ID registration and enable access to services for women using digital IDs.
B) Access to existing training programs designed for formal intermediaries can be provided, where the ID authority can offer training handbooks and other resources to ecosystem partners, enhancing their capability to effectively engage in ID-related activities.
Implication 5.1.3.
Lack of technical knowledge and social skills to deal with people from diverse backgrounds can impact women's overall experience while interacting digital ID system. In absence of proper training, operators often fail to acknowledge the specific demands of users, specifically women users.
The absence of capacity-building initiatives for intermediaries can result in technical challenges such as:
> Inability to provide accurate information regarding ID registration.
> Issues in the registration process, such as registering with incorrect credentials for the ID.
> Extended duration of the registration process.
5.2. Ancillary government agencies
Ancillary government authorities are those that do not operate under the ID authority but are responsible for implementing other essential state services like healthcare/education/other welfare services. These authorities often possess skilled human resources for the implementation of state services. In the context of strengthening access points of the ID system, formal collaborations with such government authorities are often considered to leverage their existing infrastructure and human resources for ID-related work.
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5.2.1. Utilising existing infrastructure
Are there provisions or practices in place for ID registration drives to leverage existing public or private infrastructure?
Observed Practices 5.2.1.
Utilizing existing infrastructure across different administrative mechanisms for ID-related work is a common practice observed in various countries:
Temporary Registration Points: In Rwanda and Bolivia, other government-owned social or administrative infrastructure, such as schools or small churches, are repurposed as temporary registration points. This approach allows for wider accessibility and convenience for applicants.
Mobile Temporary Registration Offices: Bolivia employs mobile temporary registration offices, often in the form of vans or trucks, which are stationed at specific sites for the duration of the registration drive. This mobile setup enables authorities to reach remote areas and populations more effectively.
Pop-up Registration Offices: During registration campaigns, the National Database and Registration Authority of Pakistan established 2,000 temporary 'pop-up' registration offices. These offices were strategically placed to cater to high-demand areas, ensuring broader coverage and facilitating easier access for applicants.
Implication 5.2.1.
Establishing new physical infrastructure creates new and/or additional costs for construction and operationalization
5.3. Semi-formal intermediaires
Semi-formal intermediaries are typically different or ancilliary government agencies that might implement various schemes and services. While they don\'t operate directly under the ID authority, they are often recognized through formal collaborations. These intermediaries help support the pathways to obtain digital IDs, their relevance, and accessibility of an ID system.
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5.3.1. Utilising semi-formal intermediaries
Are there provisions to use semi-formal intermediaries working within different government administrations for ID related work (registration/updation)?
Observed Practices 5.3.1.
The ID authorities can consider utilising the existing worker network by potentially recognising semi-formal intermediaries. This recognition can be provided through collaborative efforts between ID authority and other government administrations that overseas these worker network.
For instance,
- In India, ASHA workers, responsible for implementing healthcare schemes, and Anganwadi workers, tasked with women and child development, are actively involved in digital ID registration efforts.
- Meanwhile, in Rwanda, during the country's extensive three-day registration campaign in 2007, schools played a pivotal role. Teachers served as registration agents, utilizing over 15,000 temporary registration points to enroll the entire population in the paper-based registration process. These examples highlight the successful utilization of existing worker networks and infrastructure to facilitate widespread ID registration initiatives.
Implication 5.3.1.
> Creation of a new system with new actors can be a resource heavy activity for ID deployers. Even in cases where personnel or network building costs are undertaken, costs of maintaining these networks, providing training, implementing trust building initiatives could be ongoing costs.
> Even with the creation of these touchpoints, it is hard to strengthens women's access and newer challenges might emerge with an over saturated system.
5.4. Last Mile Actors
Last-mile actors are entities that support service delivery directly to communities, particularly those located in remote or under-served areas. These actors serve as the crucial link between service providers and the end users who potentially require support. CBEs/CSOs/NGOs along with informal networks (such as family and community members) can also be considered last mile actors. These entites typically possessing local knowledge, cultural understanding, and logistical capacity that is helpful to navigate the specific challenges and contexts within the communities they serve.
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5.4.1. Role of last mile actors
Are CSOs/NGOs/CBEs playing a role in facilitating women's access to resources and logistics?
Observed Practices 5.4.1.
Last mile actors such as CSOs, NGOs, and CBEs play a crucial role in addressing various indirect challenges, including logistical and resource constraints, which significantly hampers access to digital IDs.
It is observed during the primary research that CSOs, NGOs, and CBEs frequently aid vulnerable communities by facilitating access to resources and logistics necessary for obtaining IDs. They also assist in fulfilling the requirements for verifiable information needed for IDs. Moreover, these entities conduct mass registration drives in remote areas.
For example,
- Hakdarshaq and Janpahal in India, which facilitate access to resources and logistics for grassroots communities.
Implication 5.4.1.
Women face a variety of indirect challenges at the access level in the form of resource and logistical constraints that are often hard for centralised authorities to remedy or address.
5.4.2. Role of family/community
Are family and community level actors playing a role in facilitating women's access to resources and logistics?
Observed Practices 5.4.2.
Last mile actors such as CSOs, NGOs, and CBEs play a crucial role in addressing various indirect challenges, including logistical and resource constraints, which significantly hampers access to digital IDs.
It is observed during the primary research that CSOs, NGOs, and CBEs frequently aid vulnerable communities by facilitating access to resources and logistics necessary for obtaining IDs. They also assist in fulfilling the requirements for verifiable information needed for IDs. Moreover, these entities conduct mass registration drives in remote areas.
For example,
- Hakdarshaq and Janpahal in India, which facilitate access to resources and logistics for grassroots communities.
Implication 5.4.2.
Women's dependency on family and community-level actors often requires them to adjust their schedules according to the availability of these actors.
> Dependency on family and community can often lead to normative constraints further deteriorating the access for women.
5.5. Private Sector
The private sector serves a dual purpose in the access and usage of digital IDs. During deployment, the ID authority often authorizes private vendors to handle registration/updating tasks related to IDs. In terms of usage, the private sector plays a crucial role in enabling access to services through digital IDs. Authorized by the ID authority, these entities conduct authentication while providing services to users.
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5.5.1. Authentication by private sector
Are private sector entities allowed to conduct registration or authentication?
Observed Practices 5.5.1.
Presence of private vendors is helpful to provide choice to women registrants and improve the accessibility of registration process. It can help to divide the footfall of registrants across the centers.
For instance,
- In India, UIDAI collaborated with a diverse network of partners, including 150 registrars, 710 private enrollment agencies, and 500,000 certified individual operators. This decentralized approach, with partners covering field expenses, enabled rapid registration of residents at a peak rate of 1.5 million per day.
Implication 5.5.1.
Failure to recognise private vendors for registration/updation work represents a missed opportunity for the ID authority to reduce the burden on existing public infrastructure. Additionally, this could still not address the plethora of challenges highlighted above that women face during the registration process.
1.1. Availability
Infrastructure availability is pivotal for improving service access, particularly for women and vulnerable populations. This entails setting up remote infrastructure in easily accessible locations to overcome challenges such as long distances and transportation limitations. By ensuring accessible infrastructure, services can reach broader audiences, especially in low-resource settings, promoting greater inclusion and participation.
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1.1.1. Presence of offline mechanisms for authentication
Can services be accessed using offline authentication?
Observed Practices 1.1.1.
In low resource areas, network connectivity could prove to slow any service provision. Without an offline authentication mechanism, women might have to undertake various resource spends to travel to town/city areas or might have to revisit centers.
Implication 1.1.1.
Offline authentication through foundational ID is essential for individuals who are unfamiliar with digital authentication or unable to afford it. Dependency on offline authentication also necessitates the issuance of physical artifacts.
For instance,
- Physical artefact (ID cards) in India have a secure QR code containing biographic information and a low-resolution facial image of the card holder, aiding in manual comparison. QR-code authentication could be a more cost-effective method for authentication for people residing in low connectivity area and mostly depending on offline authentication while accessing services.
1.1.2. Presence of digital access infrastructure
Do rural areas have alternative pathways to access multiple services in one location?
Observed Practices 1.1.2.
Limited or unavailable physical infrastructure in last-mile or underserved areas requires users to visit purpose-specific service centers, posing logistical challenges, particularly for women.
Implication 1.1.2.
Countries worldwide are adopting e-government initiatives by establishing tele or service centers to engage with citizens, grant access to government services, and enhance transparency in service delivery. These centers democratize e-government services, particularly for individuals lacking digital literacy or internet connectivity.
For instance,
- India has presence of over 5 lakh Common Service Centers (CSCs) that are operational across India. The digital foundation of these centres empowers women to undertake micro-entrepreneurship, navigating socio-cultural barriers, and ensuring a decent income along with various social advantages.
- Brazil has established Citizen Service Centers to facilitate citizen-state interaction, offering various state services like document issuance. These centers aim to enhance citizen's access to public services, simplify bureaucracy, and improve efficiency.
1.1.3. Integrated grievance redressal
Can users access grievance redressal for different service portals/platforms with limited resource spend?
Observed Practices 1.1.3.
> The lack of a grievance redressal mechanism impedes the process of addressing complaints or hearing about citizen experiences.
> Relying solely on online channels for complaints, in the absence of a traditional hot-line, may impede women's complaint submission due to limited access to smartphones and low digital literacy.
Implication 1.1.3.
Having a grievance redressal mechanism for services is crucial. Such a mechanism not only fosters user trust but also significantly enhances service delivery. Presence of such mechanism in offline format is also necessity in order to make it accessible.
For instance,
In India, government services such as AB PMJAY, incorporate offline grievance redressal mechanism where feedback can be submitted through letters, phone calls, emails, and faxes. These grievances are sent directly to the District Grievance Nodal Officer (DGNO). The DGNO is responsible for entering the details of offline grievances received into the portal, ensuring a seamless flow of information and resolution.
1.1.4. Robustness of grievance redressal
Does the grievance redressal mechanism have the safety features, tracking mechanism, and multilingual support?
Observed Practices 1.1.4.
The absence of complaint tracking features in a grievance redressal mechanism may result in a low resolution rate, undermining its effectiveness.
Unresolved issues could erode user trust, undermining the credibility of the grievance redressal system.
Women with lower literacy levels may be unable to access the existing mechanism if it lacks multilingual or local language support
Implication 1.1.4.
Implementing an anonymous grievance redressal mechanism, ensuring user identity remains confidential, is essential. Additionally, incorporating a tracking feature enables users to monitor the progress of their complaints. Moreover, supporting multiple languages is crucial for enhancing the accessibility of the grievance redressal system.
For instance,
- A local self government in Indian city of Surat has implemented an automated complaint management system to enhance service delivery, efficiency, and transparency. Each complaint receives a unique number.
- Citizens can also register complaints through Surat Municipal Corporation’s website. The website allows the citizens to register complaints in the local language. It has the advantage of easy accessibility.
- The grievance redressal system of India's smart cities mission is unique: Upon resolution, compliance is marked with location coordinates and photos, visible to citizens, line managers, and upper management for effective monitoring, ensuring quality service.
1.2. Capacity
The tools, resources, practices, and protocols in place that help improve access to and with non-technical layers of digital ID systems.
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1.2.1. ID portal features
Do digital ID portals or service delivery platforms provide multilingual support, visual depiction of information, and a user guide?
Observed Practices 1.2.1.
> Research shows that some women learn better through visual formats compared to information present as text, and that with a lack of visual information, women may find it difficult to navigate platforms.
> Trusted visuals like country symbol, emblem or government are often missing from ID platforms, creating mistrust especially around authenticity of the system.
> Portal designs are often optimised for desktops, limiting users who only have access to smart of feature phones
> Absence of user guidance or manuals may pose challenges for women navigating the portal, potentially causing them to overlook crucial updates related to their ID and information about various services, such as application deadlines and eligibility criteria.
Implication 1.2.1.
The presence of visuals on ID portals varies across different countries. Nonetheless, providing visuals is crucial as it helps distill information into a consumable form.
For instance,
- mAadhaar, a mobile application for India's digital ID provides multilingual support enabling people from various regions to interact with the system.
- The U.S. Web Design System (USWDS) is mentioned as a framework that reflects a commitment to creating consistent and accessible government websites. It is an open-source toolkit providing design elements and resources to help federal agencies develop visually appealing and user-friendly websites.
- Several digital ID systems, such as SingPass app and mAadhaar, offer mobile applications that aim to provide similar services as those available on desktop platforms. Estonia is also planning to introduce a digital app soon, expanding access to digital services through mobile devices.
- UAE pass has the presence of information in video format on their platform, helping users to understand registration process.
1.2.2. Authentication accuracy
Do users face frequent authentication failure while accessing services with digital ID?
Observed Practices 1.2.2.
> It is often seen that, when system don't build for interoperability, resulting in various authentication failures. This may deteriorate the usage experience and can create mistrust among users
> Users often require ID level updates to avoid any authentication failure, which may create logistical and resource hurdles.
Implication 1.2.2.
The interoperability of platforms and services is crucial to enhance its usage and convenience for users because it enables the connections between the different governmental institutions and provides for the once-only principle. The once-only principle means that the government is not supposed to ask for information it already has. Most of the countries which are aiming to build a robust digital ID system has the interoperability feature embedded. Such countries are Estonia, Singapore, Ethiopia, Philippines, UAE, India etc.
2.1. Different Identity documents
Ownership of both foundational and functional IDs seems to be essential for users to effectively access services or prove their identity. Without such IDs, users could face significant barriers to essential benefits and services. Ensuring women have ownership of these IDs is pivotal for fostering their inclusion and empowerment.
Select an option
2.1.1. Requirement of functional IDs for Service access
Is there requirement of any pre-existing or additional ID/documents along with foundational ID when accessing services?
Observed Practices 2.1.1.
Requiring functional IDs in addition to foundational IDs for service access might dilute the intended purpose of having a foundational ID, and may create a perception that the foundational ID holds limited practical value, especially if women are unable to avail benefits using it.
Implication 2.1.1.
Reducing the requirement for additional functional IDs alongside foundational IDs not only increases the value of foundational IDs but also alleviates the burden of acquiring multiple functional IDs for women.
For instance:
- SingPass enables access to over 2700 services by 800 government agencies and business.
2.1.2. Ownership over ID/documents
Do most women in your country own crucial functional IDs? (for e.g. passports, health cards, ration cards, welfare cards etc.)
Observed Practices 2.1.2.
> Mandating access through singular ID documents to access social benefits could potentially exclude large underserved population groups that often don't have any forms of identification.
> Many countries often mandate service delivery through only foundational IDs, and in absence of that users are deprived of services.
> Even if women have the required foundational ID credentials, they often lack personal ownership over it, as families often control and limit its usage.
Implication 2.1.2.
In countries with voluntary national ID cards, functional IDs like passports or driving licenses are often deemed sufficient for identification. Possession of a national ID card remains optional, and alternative documents such as passports or bank-issued IDs are accepted for specific services.
For instance,
- Japan, Ireland, Sweden, and Norway are among the countries that do not require possession of a national ID. In these countries, people typically use traditional documents like driver's licenses and passports to access services allowing a larger population access to a variety of different services..
2.1.3. Ownership over physical artefact
Do most people in your country have or require physical ID cards (even when they have digital ID numbers) for foundational IDs?
Observed Practices 2.1.3.
> In the absence of a physical artefact (ID card), women often face difficulties in proving legitimacy and verifiability. Individuals may be prone to exclusionary practices from benefits despite having correct credentials in place.
Due to unavailability of a physical artefact, women often believe that they do not have continued access to and through their foundational digital ID.
> Without a physical artefact, women may have to depend on family/community structures for support with digital infrastructure to access their digital IDs in order to use them, which further creates affordability challenges.
(Primary research)
Implication 2.1.3.
Access to physical artefact of individual's digital foundational ID has been proven useful in various context There are countries already providing physical copy of their digital ID along with online version.
- Countries such as India, Estonia, and the Philippines (with the PhilID) issue physical copies of their digital IDs. Likewise, Ethiopia is in the process of finalizing logistics for issuing physical copies of the Fayda ID.
3.1. Economic and Non-Economic Factors
Logistics for accessing services encompasses ensuring the availability and efficient management of resources, considering factors such as minimizing disruptions to women's daily responsibilities. Additionally, logistical support may involve garnering assistance from family or community members to facilitate access to services using digital ID.
Select an option
3.1.1. Affordable service access
Can users access services with minimal personal cost? (These costs could include enrollment fees, other logistical costs)
Observed Practices 3.1.1.
> Enrollment fees for some public services could deter women from accessing them.
> Presence of corrupt practices such as bribery hampers service accessibility and restricts ID usage by adding additional invisible economic costs.
> In rural areas where service centers are lacking, accessing specific services may necessitate travel to towns,cities, or other centers.
Implication 3.1.1.
Ensuring the affordability of women's journey to access services via foundational ID requires a comprehensive strategy. This could include:
- Making public services free/affordable. For instance, India provides access to various welfare services free of cost.
- Establishing infrastructure like service centers in rural areas. For instance, several countries like Brazil and India has the presence of common services type centers that enables access to services using ID for rural communities in seamless manner.
- Implementing vigilant measures to prevent the prevalence of corrupt practices.
4.1. ID Authority (Deployment Unit)
Select an option
4.1.1. Use cases for foundational ID
Are there use-cases in place for foundational ID?
Observed Practices 4.1.1.
> Lack of use cases often inhibits women from interacting with ID credentials, as they find limited meaning in obtaining digital ID that serve no purpose.
> Uncertainty regarding which services necessitate IDs fails to prompt women to utilize their foundational IDs for accessing those services, potentially leading them to present alternative functional IDs instead. (Primary research)
> Due to lack of clarity over using women's foundational ID for welfare benefits of their children leads to the exclusion of women's family service access.
Implication 4.1.1.
Clearly stating the requirement of foundational ID for accessing specific services can encourage women to obtain the ID.
For example,
UIDAI, and Phill ID provides information on schemes linked with the digital ID on their portal.
In Ethiopia, the NIDP team prioritizes interlinking services of 'relying parties' such as the Ethiopia’s Banking Coalition, The Revenue Department, and The Ministry of Education, focusing on essential services leveraging the digital ID.
Singpass provides access to over 2700 services from over 800 government agencies.
Estonia's E-ID facilitates various activities including paying bills, voting online, signing contracts, shopping, and accessing health information.
4.2. Semi-Formal Intermediaires
Select an option
4.2.1. Leveraging semi-formal intermediaries
Is worker network being leveraged to enable the service access? Are there any incentives attached for them?
Observed Practices 4.2.1.
> Worker networks have the ability to engage with users on daily basis for sector specific schemes, however are often under-utilised and over-burdened in some cases.
> Not having additional incentives for these worker networks could reduce efficacy and efficiency.
> Lack of incentives can also lead to growth of dishonest intermediaries like corruption or bribery which can lead to loss of trust among women users.
Implication 4.2.1.
Worker network of semi-formal intermediary, operating under different government agencies can be utilised to enable service access.
- Intermediaries like ASHA workers (who implement health policies) and Anganwadi workers (who implement policies for women and children) in India facilitate essential service provision for women using foundational ID, update information, and offer details about welfare schemes and benefits available to women.
- Providing suitable incentives to semi-formal intermediaries can serve as a motivation. For instance, in Cambodia, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) offered a small financial reward to mobile registration volunteers for every 100 people registered.
4.3. Last Mile Actors
Select an option
4.3.1. Leveraging hyper local network
Are last mile actors being leveraged to enable service access using ID?
Observed Practices 4.3.1.
Failure to adequately recognize last-mile actors, including grassroots organizations and family/community-level actors, and underutilize their potential to facilitate women's access to services through foundational IDs and necessary resources/logistics could lead to various implications:
> Women might encounter difficulties in accessing up-to-date and precise information about the usefulness of digital IDs, potentially leading to missed chances to leverage them for different purposes.
> Essential details regarding eligibility requirements, duration of programs, and types of welfare benefits might not reach women promptly, impeding their capacity to take advantage of relevant schemes and services.
> With lower literacy rates, women often require assistance with form completion and comprehending digital systems when using their IDs.
> Women's dependency on family and community-level actors often requires them to adjust their schedules according to the availability of these actors.
Implication 4.3.1.
Leveraging last mile actors like CSOs/NGOs/CBEs and other informal intermediaries such as family/community level actors can help in multiple ways like:
- To establish trust in usage of digital ID.
- To bridge the awareness gap about ID usage, and facilitate women's journey of using ID by addressing logistical and resource constraints.
While government reach within remote or far flung areas may be limited, community leaders often play an important role in the governance and delivery of local services.
- Studies have shown that actors like community leaders, like the Barangay Captains in Philippines, fulfill their intermediary role through everyday improvisations to find what works best in the local context.
- For instance, in Cape Town, leaders interact with external organizations, participate in meetings, and carry out administrative tasks. They also support in infrastructure maintenance by providing feedback to local authorities.
4.3.2. Leveraging loggistical network
Do family and community level actors play a role in facilitating women's access to resources and logistics ?
Observed Practices 4.3.2.
Failure to adequately recognize last-mile actors, including grassroots organizations and family/community-level actors, and underutilize their potential to facilitate women's access to services through foundational IDs and necessary resources/logistics could lead to various implications:
> Women might encounter difficulties in accessing up-to-date and precise information about the usefulness of digital IDs, potentially leading to missed chances to leverage them for different purposes.
> Essential details regarding eligibility requirements, duration of programs, and types of welfare benefits might not reach women promptly, impeding their capacity to take advantage of relevant schemes and services.
> With lower literacy rates, women often require assistance with form completion and comprehending digital systems when using their IDs.
> Women's dependency on family and community-level actors often requires them to adjust their schedules according to the availability of these actors.
Implication 4.3.2.
Leveraging last mile actors like CSOs/NGOs/CBEs and other informal intermediaries such as family/community level actors can help in multiple ways like:
- To establish trust in usage of digital ID.
- To bridge the awareness gap about ID usage, and facilitate women's journey of using ID by addressing logistical and resource constraints.
While government reach within remote or far flung areas may be limited, community leaders often play an important role in the governance and delivery of local services.
- Studies have shown that actors like community leaders, like the Barangay Captains in Philippines, fulfill their intermediary role through everyday improvisations to find what works best in the local context.
- For instance, in Cape Town, leaders interact with external organizations, participate in meetings, and carry out administrative tasks. They also support in infrastructure maintenance by providing feedback to local authorities.
5.1. Private Sector
The private sector plays a vital role in facilitating access to services through digital ID. These entities are authorized by the ID authority to conduct authentication while offering services to their users. This fosters increased adoption of digital IDs and offers private sector organizations a streamlined solution for user verification with reduced documentation requirements.
Select an option
5.1.1. Authentication by private sector
Is the private sector recognised or able to conduct authentication using or for foundational ID?
Observed Practices 5.1.1.
Not considering authorization of private sector as 'requesting entities' for authenticating users at the service access level could be a missed oppurtunity to strengthen the use cases for ID and eventually boost its demand.
Implication 5.1.1.
Usage of digital IDs for private sector can enhance its demand and usage.
For instance:
- In Singapore, using Singpass users can access more than 2700 services which also includes services offered by private sector by authenticating singpass.
- e-ID in Estonia is being used for authentication to access most e-services of the public and private sector.
- India's UIDAI has allowed private sector to conduct and use digital IDs for verification and on-boarding. Currently in India digital ID authentication is used to access a range of public and private services like e-commerce, financial services etc.
6.1. Last Mile Actors
Select an option
6.1.1. Creating programs that enables access to services
Are there last mile programs in your country that facilitate access to services?
Observed Practices 6.1.1.
As accessing services using IDs necessitates supporting infrastructure, meeting resource and logistical requirements, programs initiated by last-mile actors are often beneficial for grassroots communities, particularly women, in fulfilling this requirements and eventually facilitating access to various services.
Implication 6.1.1.
The last-mile programs established by CSOs and NGOs frequently serve to address gaps in service delivery at the grassroots level, aiding communities in accessing services more efficiently.
For instance:
- In India, entities like Haqdarshak are creating programs that acts as an enabler for women's access to services using foundational IDs. These programs strengthen women's understanding on specific schemes, and help them avail schemes by facilitating resource and logistical requirements.
- Similarly, in Kenya, entities like Sauti are bridging last mile information gap about different digital technologies.
